PREFERENCE

PREFERENCE

Suatu bentuk yang menggunakan like, prefer, would prefer dan would rather dengan maksud menyatakan pilihan/lebih suka.

1. Menggunakan Like

Rumus :

S + like + noun + better than + noun

He likes milk better than chocolate.

S + like + V (ing) + better than + V (ing)

Roni likes swimming better than playing football.

2. Menggunakan Prefer

Rumus :

S + prefer + noun + to + noun

She prefers romance to poetry.

S + prefer + V (ing) + to + V (ing)

My Daughter prefers reading to writing.

3. Menggunakan Would Rather

Rumus :

S + would rather + V 1 + than + V 1

He would rather sing than dance

S + would rather + V 1 + noun + than + noun

He would rather play badminton than tennis.

4. Menggunakan Would Prefer

Rumus :

S + would prefer + to + V 1 + rather than + V 1

I’d prefer to go home rather than stay behind alone.

Rather than + V 1 + S + would prefer + to + V 1

Rather than go for awalk i’d prefer to play chess.

PRONOUN

PRONOUN

Suatu kata yang digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/noun

1. Personal Pronouns

	Subject Forms	Object Forms	Possesive (milik)		Reflexives (Sendiri
			. . . . + noun	Noun + . . . .
Singular First Person Third Person	I He She It	Me Him Her It	My . . . . His . . . . Her . . . . Its . . . .	. . . . mine . . . . his . . . . hers	My self Him self Her self
Plural First Person Third Person	We They	Us Them	Our . . . . Their . . . .	. . . . Ours . . . . Their	Our selves Their selves
Singular Plural Second Person	You	You	Your . . . .	. . . . yours	Your self You selves

2. Possesive Pronouns

. . . . + noun	Noun + . . . .
This is my house This is his house This is her house These are our houses These are their houses These are your houses	This house is mine This house is his This house is hers These houses are ours These houses are theirs These houses are yours

3.  Reflexive Pronouns

Penambahan –self pada kata-kata my, your, him, her dan it. Serta penambahan pada our, them dan your

Digunakan sebagai obyek dari kata kerja/verb

Fungsi :

Menunjukkan bahwa seseorang/hewan melakukan sesuatu ada dirinya sendiri

Example :

I hurt my self.

We must take care our selves

Untuk membuat kata ganti itu lebih tegas (more emphatic)

Example :

I will do it my self.

You must do it your self.

4. Demonstrative Pronouns (kata ganti petunjuk)

Terdiri dari : this, that, these, those, one, ones, such

Example :

This is my car.

These are our cars.

That is his book.

Those are their books.

Catatan

This jamaknya these

That jamaknya those

5. Indefinite Pronoun

Pronoun yang menunjuk pada orang/benda secara umum.

Terdiri dari :

All (semua) Any (sesuatu/yang mana saja) Anybody (siapa saja) Anyone (siapa saja) Anything (apa saja) Everybody (semua orang) Everyone (setiap orang) Everything (segalanya) Few (sedikit) Something (sesuatu)

Most (kebanyakan) Nobody (tak seorangpun) Noone (tak satupun) Many (banyak) Nothing (tak ada satupun) One (seseorang/dalam pengertian siapa saja) Other (orang lain/yang lain) Somebody (seseorang) Someone (seseorang)

Example :

Anyone can do it.

She eats anything

Catatan :

Noone : tak satupun (orang)

Nothing : tak satupun (benda)

Anything/something : apa saja (-) (?)

Everything : segala sesuatu (+)

Anyone : (+) siapa saja = anybody

(-) seseorang

Someone/somebody = (+) seseorang

All dan everything

Everything bisa diganti all

All bisa berarti = apa yang . . . .

Example : All I want is peace and quiet.

6. Distributive Pronouns

Pronoun yang terdiri dari each, either dan neither

Kata-kata yang yang termasuk dalam distributive pronoun selalu dalam bentuk tunggal/singular dan diikuti kata kerja dalam bentuk tunggal.

Each

Berarti masing-masing

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan setiap satu dari sejumlah orang/benda

Example

Each of them could speaks English.

Each of the girls gets a price.

Terdapat 3 cara/letak/posisi kata each dalam suatu kalimat

Example

Each of the men received a reward.

These men received each reward.

These men received reward each.

Either

Berarti salah satu dari dua/salah seorang

Example :

You may have either of these pens.

I don’t know either of those women.

Neither

Baik . . . . maupun . . . . tidak/tak satupun

Example

Neither he or I went to party.

Neither of these accussation is true.

Catatan

Other, others, another dan the other

Other : yang lain (lebih dari satu) diikuti bendanya

These are five books. There books are black. Other books are green.

Others : yang lain (lebih dari satu) tidak diikuti bendanya

There are five books. There books are black others are green

Atau . . . . other books are green.

Another : yang satunya

There are books. Two books are red, another book is yellow.

The other : yang lainnya (sisanya)

There are four apples. Ita eats three apples. Ani eats the other apple.

One dan ones

One : salah satu (tunggal)

Ones : beberapa diantaranya (jamak)

Example

The Legong dance is a classical dance.

The Legong dance is a classical one.

There are a lot of dances in Bali, but the most popular dances are “The Legong”, “The Kebyar”, and “The Janger”.

There are a lot of dances in Bali, but the most popular ones are “The Legong”, “The Kebyar”, and “The Janger”.

7.  Relative Pronun (kata ganti penghubung)

Terdiri dari who, whom, whose, which, that dan what

8. Interogative Pronoun

Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan suatu pertanyaan

Terdiri dari : What, who, whom, which, whose, how

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

Ada beberapa perubahan dalam mengubah kalimat langsung dan kalimat tak langsung

1.   Perubahan Pronoun (kata ganti)

 Example :

He says : “I am very sad”

He says that he is very sad.

She tells him : “I am as old as you”

She tells him that She is as ols as him.

The students say : “We are waiting for our teacher”

The students say that they are waiting for their teacher.

2.   Perubahan Tenses

 Example :

He said : “I am very sad”

He said that he was very sad.

He said : “I was very sad”

He said that he had been very sad.

He explained : “I repair the bicycle in the room.

He explained that he repaired the bicycle in the room.

Catatan :

1.  She is very busy at home.

She says	That she is very busy at home.
She will say
She has just said
	That he was very busy at home.
He had just said
He said

Apabila introducing verb (pada kalimat di atas say, says, tell, dan explained) digunakan pada kalimat langsung dalam bentuk present, maka kalimat tidak langsungnya tidak mengalami perubahan tenses. Tapi bila introductory verb yang digunakan pada kalimat langsung dalam bentuk past maka akan berubah menjadi past perfect.

Ada 3 bagian besar dalam direct indirect speech, yaitu :

1. Commands (perintah)

a. Positive

He says (said) : “show me your book, will you?”

He ask (asked) me to show him my book.

b. Negative

She said : “please don’t pu your book on her desk.

She asked him not to put his book on my desk.

Catatan :

Dalam bentuk commands, say/says harus dirubah menjadi ask/asked atau tells/told atau order/ordered atau command/commanded

Pronoun “you” dan kelompoknya “I” atau “we” dan kelompoknya mengalami perubahan tergantung siapa yang bicara dan siapa yang diajak bicara.

2. Statements (pernyataan)

Bob says to me : “I will give you my magazine.”

Bob says to me that he will give me his magazine.

Ani said to Ali : “You will give me your magazine tomorrow.”

Ani said to Ali that he would give her his magazine the following day.”

He said: “She went to her family yesteday.”

He said that she had gone to her family the day before.

Catatan :

Untuk modals, had better, used to tidak berubah

Example :

She said: “He might be at home now.”

She said that he might be at home then.

Perubahan waktu

Today                                 : That day

Now                                   : Since

Yesterday                           : The day before

Tomorrow                          : The next day/ the following day

The day after tomorrow     : In two days time

Next week                          : The following week

Last week                           : The previous week

Ago                                    : Before

Here                                    : There

This                                     : that

3. Question (pertanyaan)

Yes/no Question

She says : “Does he clean all room?”

She wants to know wether he cleans all room.

WH Question

He says: “When can you help me?”

          He wants to know when I can help him.

QUESTION TAGS

QUESTION TAGS

Akhir tanya sebuah pertanyaan

Fungsi                        : Untuk penegasan / pengukuhan

Rumus                        :      Statement          Tag Questions

                               Positif (+)           Negatif (-)

                               Negatif (-)          Positif (+)

Question tags dibagi menjadi 2 bagian :

Kalimat berita (assertive / affirmative) = question tags (ada subjek)

Kalimat perintah (imperative) = question tags (tidak ada subjek)

Kalimat Berita

Untuk membuat question tags harus memperhatikan subyeknya yang selalu diganti / pronoun sesuai, kecuali “There”

Example :

Ali is not reading a book, is he ?

The students can work hard, can’t they ?

Mrs. Smith ought to do the work now, oughtn’t now ?

Bila tidak ada auxiliary verb maka diberi tambahan (do, does, did) dengan memperhatikan bentuk kata kerjanya.

Example :

Indonesian people eat rice, don’t they ?

Mr. Smith drinks tea in the morning, doesn’t he ?

We saw the beautiful film. Didn’t we ?

Untuk kalimat majemuk

Example :

When she arrived, the man was cutting the tree, wasn’t he ?

After he had studied English he went to USA, didn’t he ?

Catatan :

1. For introductory “there” as the subjek

Example :

There is a man over there, isn’t there ?

There are not any people here, are there ?

2. For I am

Example :

I am diligent, aren’t I ?

I am not busy, am I ?

3. For somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, something

Example :

Someone knocked the door, didn’t they ?

Everyone doesn’t know him, do they ?

Something is wrong, isn’t it ?

4. For word negative meanings (never, seldom, hardly ever, nobody, no one, nothing)

     Example :

I never meet her, do I ?

Nobody likes, do they ?

Nothing can stop it, can it ?

5. For have

Rumus :

Have/has + v3 = telah

Have/has + noun = mempunyai

Example :

The boy has gone abroad, hasn’t he ?

The boys have gone abroad, haven’t they ?

The boy has a motorcycle, doesn’t he ?

The boys have a motorcycle, don’t they ?

Kalimat Perintah

Tidak ada subjek dan tag question harus dalam bentuk positif

Example :

Open the door, will you!

Don’t open the window, will you!

Let’s study together, shall we!

Let’s pray together, shall we!

Catatan :

Will you dapat diganti dengan would you : arti lebih halus

Shut your mouth, can’t you ?

MODALS and MODAL PERFECT

MODALS and MODAL PERFECT

A. MODALS

Bagian dari Auxiliary Verb (kata bantu) sehingga dapat diperuntukkan sebagai kata kerja.

Fungsi : memberi tambahan arti pada kata kerja

Selalu diikuti kata kerja pertama tanpa to

Meliputi :

Can Could May Might

Shall Will Should

Would Must Must be (pasti)

Contoh :

She can speak there languanges.

She could swim when she was young.

May I read this book ?

He may come late this morning.

She said that might ho home early.

B.  MODAL PERFECT

Must + have + V3

Menyatakan suatu kepastian/ kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.

Contoh :

The oil was frogen. It must have been very cold last night.

Might + have + V3

Menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility)

Contoh :

Reni come late this morning. She might have missed the bus.

Should / Ought to + have + V3

Menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past suggestion)

Contoh :

Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night. She should have studied last night.

Could + have + V3

Menyatakan kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu lampau tapi tidak digunakan

Contoh :

We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema but we stay at home.

NB

He may/moght have gone

Fact : that’s possible that he went

You should have told me.

Fact : iI am annoyed that you haven’t told me already.

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

Penjelasan

Active voice adalah kalimat yang subjek atau pokok kalimatnya melakukan pekerjaan.

Passive voice adalah kalimat yang subjek atau pokok kalimatnya dikenai pekerjaan.

Kalimat yang dapat dipasifkan adalah kalimat yang mempunyai objek.

Dalam passive voice semua kata kerja adalah bentuk ke tiga

Kalimat yang tidak memiliki kata kerja tidak dapat dipasifkan.

Pokok kalimat atau subjek pada kalimat aktif menjadi pelaku atau objek pada kalimat pasif.

Penderita atau objek pada kalimat aktif menjadi objek pada kalimat pasif.

Pola kalimat pasif adalah to be + V3

To be yang mungkin digunakan adalah am, are, is, was, were, be dan been.

Contoh

Present Tense

Rumus : S + To be (am, are, is) + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

He cleans his cycle steadily.

I repair his motorcycle there.

Passive :

His cycle is cleaned by him steadily.

His motorcycle is repaired by me there.

Present Continuous

Rumus : S + To be (am, are, is) + being + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I am finishing my homework now.

We are planting grass in the school yard.

Passive :

My homework is being finished by me now.

Grass is being planted by us in the school yard.

Present Perfect

Rumus : S + have, has + been + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I have bought a new dictionary in the shop.

You have done your home work.

Passive :

A new dictionary has been bought by me in the shop.

Your homework has been done by you.

Past Tense

Rumus : S + To be (was, were) + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I waited you for two hours.

Passive :

You were waited by me for two hours.

Past Continuous

Rumus : S + To be (was, were) + being + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I was waiting my grand father in his house.

Passive :

My grand father was being waited by me in his house.

Past Perfect

Rumus : S + had + been + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

They had finished their homework before our teacher was angry.

Passive :

Their homework had been finished by them before our teacher was angry.

Future Tense

Rumus : S + shall, will + be + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I will bid a new motorcycle to my father.

Passive :

A new motorcycle will be bid by me to my father.

Future Perfect

Rumus : S + shall, will + have + been + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I will have finished my homework by next week.

Passive :

My homework will have been finished by me next week.

Past Future

Rumus : S + should, would + be + V3 + . . . .

Active :

I would give you money the day before.

Passive :

You would be given money by me the day before

Past Future Perfect

Rumus : S + should, would + have + been + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

I would have left her house if he had lent money.

Passive :

Her house would have been left by me if he had lent money.

Modals

Rumus : S + shall, will + be + V3/ed + by + O

Active :

She must iron the dress for the party.

Passive :

The dress must be ironed by her for the party.

Catatan

·        Jika kalimat aktif mempunyai 2 objek (penderita) maka pasifnya boleh dua kali.

Contoh :

I gave him a book.

He is given a book by me.

A book is given to him by me.

She will bring a dictionary to me.

A dictionary will be brought by her to me.

I will be brought by her a dictionary.

·        Terdapat beberapa kata kerja transitif dalam bentuk aktif (A.V) tapi punya pengertian dalam bentuk pasif. (kalimat yang ada hubungannya dengan panca indera)

Those mangoes tastes sour.

The roses smells sweet.

The sun feells hot.

·        WH Question

Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (WH Question) dapat dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masing pola tersebut.

When does he write an article?

When is an article written by him?

When is he writing an article?

When is an article being written by him?

·        Bila subjek kalimat pasif tidak ditanyakan maka to be pada kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti kata kerja bentuk ketiga (V3)

What do they do?

What is done by them?

·        Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it “impersonal it” digunakan untuk memnuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subjek berupa “people, everybody, everyone” dan diikuti oleh that.

A. People say that Indonesia is a developing country.

B. It is said that Indonesia is a developing country.

Atau

Indonesia is said that to be developing country.

·        Gerund

Bentuk gerund yang punya arti pasif.

Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah : need, require, want, dll.

Contoh :

The garden needs watering.

The garden needs to be watered.

The letters requires stamping.

The letters requires to be stamped.